Exome Sequencing Reveals a Rare Autosomal Dominant Variant in MSTO1 Gene as a Novel Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) Modifier in a Thai Family with High Penetrance of G11778A Mutation

Abstract

Background: Inactivated whole-virus vaccination elicits immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins, like natural infections. A heterologous Ad26.COV2.S booster given at two different intervals after primary BBIBP-CorV vaccination was safe and immunogenic at days 28 and 84, with higher immune responses observed after the longer pre-boost interval. We describe booster-specific and hybrid immune responses over 1 year. Methods: This open-label phase 1/2 study was conducted in healthy Thai adults aged ? 18 years who had completed primary BBIBP-CorV primary vaccination between 90–240 (Arm A1; n = 361) or 45–75 days (Arm A2; n = 104) before enrolment. All received an Ad26.COV2.S booster. We measured anti-S and anti-N IgG antibodies by Elecsys?, neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay, and T-cell responses by quantitative interferon (IFN)-? release assay. Immune responses were evaluated in the baseline-seronegative population (pre-booster anti-N < 1.4 U/mL; n = 241) that included the booster-effect subgroup (anti-N < 1.4 U/mL at each visit) and the hybrid-immunity subgroup (anti-N ? 1.4 U/mL and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of receiving non-study COVID-19 boosters). Results: In Arm A1 of the booster-effect subgroup, anti-S GMCs were 131-fold higher than baseline at day 336; neutralizing responses against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 were 5-fold higher than baseline at day 168; 4-fold against Omicron BA.2 at day 84. IFN-? remained approximately 4-fold higher than baseline at days 168 and 336 in 18–59-year-olds. Booster-specific responses trended lower in Arm A2. In the hybrid-immunity subgroup at day 336, anti-S GMCs in A1 were 517-fold higher than baseline; neutralizing responses against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.2 were 28- and 31-fold higher, respectively, and IFN-? was approximately 14-fold higher in 18–59-year-olds at day 336. Durable immune responses trended lower in ? 60-year-olds. Conclusion: A heterologous Ad26.COV2.S booster after primary BBIBP-CorV vaccination induced booster-specific immune responses detectable up to 1 year that were higher in participants with hybrid immunity. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT05109559. ? 2024