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Chemical Composition, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM10 in Urban Sites of Bangkok, Thailand
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Document Title
Chemical Composition, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM10 in Urban Sites of Bangkok, Thailand
Author
Ahmad M, Manjantrarat T, Rattanawongsa W, Muensri P, Saenmuangchin R, Klamchuen A, Aueviriyavit S, Sukrak K, Kangwansupamonkon W, Panyametheekul S
Name from Authors Collection
Affiliations
Chulalongkorn University; Beijing Normal University; National Science & Technology Development Agency - Thailand; National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC); Chulalongkorn University; Chulalongkorn University
Type
Article
Source Title
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Year
2022
Volume
19
Issue
21
Page
-
Open Access
Green Published, gold
Publisher
MDPI
DOI
10.3390/ijerph192114281
Format
Abstract
Of late, air pollution in Asia has increased, particularly in built-up areas due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. The present study sets out to examine the impact that pollution can have on the health of people living in the inner city of Bangkok, Thailand. Consequently, in 2021, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and coarse particulate matter (PM10) chemical composition and sources are evaluated at three locations in Bangkok. To identify the possible sources of such particulates, therefore, the principal component analysis (PCA) technique is duly carried out. As determined via PCA, the major sources of air pollution in Bangkok are local emission sources and sea salt. The most significant local sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Bangkok include primary combustion, such as vehicle emissions, coal combustion, biomass burning, secondary aerosol formation, industrial emissions, and dust sources. Except for the hazard quotient (HQ) of Ni and Mn of PM2.5 for adults, the HQ values of As, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Ni of both PM2.5 and PM10 were below the safe level (HQ = 1) for adults and children. This indicates that exposure to these metals would have non-carcinogenic health effects. Except for the carcinogenic risk (HI) value of Cr of PM2.5 and PM10, which can cause cancer in adults, at Bangna and Din Daeng, the HI values of Cd, Ni, As, and Pb of PM2.5 and PM10 are below the limit set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Ni and Mn pose non-carcinogenic risks, whereas Cr poses carcinogenic risks to adults via inhalation, a serious threat to the residents of Bangkok.
Funding Sponsor
second century fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand; Thailand Graduate Institute of Science and Technology [SCA-CO-256414608-TH]; C2F, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; National Research Council of Thailand in 2020 [NR. (Wor.) (PorSor)/395/2563]
License
CC BY
Rights
Authors
Publication Source
WOS