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Immunogenicity and durability against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 variants at 3–4 months after a heterologous COVID-19 booster vaccine in healthy adults with a two-doses CoronaVac vaccination
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Document Title
Immunogenicity and durability against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 variants at 3–4 months after a heterologous COVID-19 booster vaccine in healthy adults with a two-doses CoronaVac vaccination
Author
Assawakosri S., Kanokudom S., Suntronwong N., Chansaenroj J., Auphimai C., Nilyanimit P., Vichaiwattana P., Thongmee T., Duangchinda T., Chantima W., Pakchotanon P., Srimuan D., Thatsanathorn T., Klinfueng S., Sudhinaraset N., Wanlapakorn N., Mongkolsapaya J., Honsawek S., Poovorawan Y.
Affiliations
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand; Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrail Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand; College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
Type
Article
Source Title
Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering
ISSN
26660164
Year
2024
Volume
9
Open Access
All Open Access, Gold
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
DOI
10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100716
Abstract
Nanoporous carbon (NPC) has gained significant attention in wastewater treatment due to its effectiveness. The adsorption process, known for its simplicity, stability, and cost-effectiveness, is widely recognized as an efficient method for removing carbamazepine (CBZ) residues accumulate in the environment. However, the application of NPC is often hindered by challenges in the regeneration process after use, as well as issues related to large surface area, pore size, and functional groups. Fortunately, the samples in this study not only maintained their adsorption efficiency but also demonstrated the ability to be regenerated multiple times. Herein brewery waste was subjected to hydrothermal treatment at 200 ?C for 1 h and followed by KOH and NaCl activation with different KOH:NaCl (w/w) ratios of 5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3, 1:4, and 0:5 to optimize the properties of malt husk derived nanoporous carbon (NPC). The optimal condition KOH:NaCl ratio of 1:1 had a maximum specific surface area of 906 m2/g with a total pore volume of 0.252 cm3/g. According to the adsorption test, the CBZ adsorption isotherm was well-fitted to the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.976) kinetic data were consistent with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.995). This suggests that the adsorption mechanism involves monolayer adsorption and chemisorption interaction. The Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of CBZ adsorption by NPC were found to be spontaneous and endothermic. The regeneration test revealed a 95.35% decrease in the adsorption capacity of NPC after 5 repeated cycles. Consequently, the study suggests a potential application of nanoporous carbon from MH as an alternative adsorbent for removing carbamazepine in wastewater. ? 2024 The Authors
License
CC BY-NC-ND
Rights
Authors
Publication Source
Scopus